Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Example for Free

Semantics and Theories of Semantics Essay Semantics is the investigation of significance in language. We realize that language is utilized to communicate implications which can be comprehended by others. Be that as it may, implications exist in our psyches and we can communicate what is in our brains through the spoken and composed types of language (just as through motions, activity and so forth ). The sound examples of language are learned at the degree of phonology and the association of words and sentences is learned at the degree of morphology and linguistic structure. These are thusly sorted out so that we can pass on important messages or get and get messages. ‘How is language sorted out so as to be significant? ’ This is the inquiry we pose and endeavor to reply at the degree of semantics. Semantics is that degree of etymological investigation where importance is examined. It is the most dynamic degree of semantic investigation, since we can't see or watch importance as we can watch and record sounds. Which means is connected near the human ability to think coherently and to comprehend. So when we attempt to break down importance, we are attempting to investigate our own ability to think and comprehend, our own capacity to make meaning. Semantics frets about ‘giving an orderly record of the idea of meaning’ (Leech). Challenges in the Study of Meaning The issue of ‘meaning’ is very troublesome, it is a result of its sturdiness that a few etymologists went on to the degree of barring semantics from etymology. A notable structuralist offered the surprising expression that ‘linguistic arrangement of a languagedoes exclude the semantics. The framework is dynamic, it is a flagging framework, and when we study semantics we are done examining language however the semantic framework related with language. The structralists were of the sentiment that it is just the type of language which can be examined, and not the theoretical capacities. Both these are confusions. As of late a genuine intrigue has been taken in the different issues of semantics. What's more, semantics is being considered by the language specialists as well as by savants, therapists, researchers, anthropologists and sociologists. Researchers have since quite a while ago pondered what words mean or what they speak to, or how they are identified with the real world. They have on occasion pondered whether words are more genuine than items, and they have endeavored to locate the fundamental implications of words. It might be fascinating to ask whether words do have basic significance. For instance, troubles may emerge in discovering the basic significance of the word table in water table, feasting table, table change, and the table of 9. A theoretical word like great makes much more issues. It's not possible for anyone to precisely determine what great truly means, and how a speaker of English ever figures out how to utilize the word accurately. So the fundamental trouble is to account realities about basic implications, various implications, and word conditions. The connotating utilization of words adds further inconveniences to any hypotheses about importance, especially their utilizations in representation and idyllic language. Most importantly is the issue : where does significance exist: in the speaker or the audience or in both, or in the unique circumstance or circumstance ? Words are when all is said in done helpful units to state meaning. Yet, words have implications by righteousness of their work in sentences, the majority of which contain more than single word. The importance of a sentence, however to a great extent reliant on the significance of its part words taken independently, is likewise influenced by prosodic highlights. The inquiry whether word might be semantically depicted or in confinement, is more a matter of degree than of a basic answer yes or no. It is difficult to portray meaning sufficiently some other path aside from by saying how words are regularly utilized as a major aspect of longer sentences and how these sentences are utilized. The implications of sentences and their parts are better managed in phonetics in turns of how they work than only as far as what they allude to. Words are devices; they become significant by the capacity they play out, the activity they do, the manner in which they are utilized in specific sentences. Notwithstanding reference and capacity, researchers have likewise appended import talkie to famous authentic contemplations, particularly historical background, while examining word-implications. Undobtedly the significance of any word is coolly the result of nonstop changes in its precursor implications or utilizes, and as a rule it is the aggregate result of ages of social history. Word references regularly manage this kind of data on the off chance that it is accessible, however in so ding they are going past the limits of synchronic articulation to the different semantic domain of authentic clarification. Various answers have been given to the inquiries identified with importance. Therapists have attempted to survey the accessibility of particular sorts of reactions to objects, to encounters, and to words themselves. Logicians have proposed an assortment of frameworks and speculations to represent the information that intrigue them. Correspondence researchers have created data hypothesis with the goal that they can utilize numerical models to clarify precisely what is unsurprising and what isn't unsurprising when messages are diverted through different sorts of correspondence systems. From approaches like these a perplexing cluster of originations of significance develops. Lexical and Grammatical Meaning When we talk about importance, we are discussing the capacity of individuals to comprehend each other when they talk. This capacity is somewhat associated with punctuation. Nobody could comprehend: cap one the however red green on purchased attempted Rameez. while Rameez took a stab at the red had however purchased the green one causes no challenges. However there are various sentences which are totally syntactic, yet inane. The most renowned model is Chomsky’s sentence â€Å"Colourless green thoughts rest furiously†. Comparative different models are: * The tree ate the elephant. * The pregnant lone ranger brought forth six young ladies tomorrow. * The table sniffled. In a sentence, for example, Did you comprehend the essentials of etymology? A language specialist needs to consider in any event two distinct sorts of importance: lexical significance and linguistic significance. Full words have an inherent significance. They allude to articles, activities and characteristics that can be distinguished in the outer world, for example, table, banana, rest, eat, red. Such words are said to have lexical importance. Void words have next to zero natural significance. They exist due to their syntactic capacity in the sentence. For instance, and is utilized to join things, or demonstrates elective, of some of the time shows ownership. These words have syntactic importance. Syntactic importance alludes fundamentally to the significance of linguistic things as did, which, ed. Syntactic importance may likewise cover thoughts, for example, ‘subject’ and ‘object’, sentence types as ’interrogative’, ‘imperative’ and so forth. In view of its unpredictability, syntactic significance is very hard to examine. Up 'til now, no hypothesis of semantics has had the option to deal with it stout. Be that as it may, the investigation of lexical things is increasingly reasonable. What is Meaning? Thinkers have thought about this inquiry for more than 2000 years. Their speculation starts from the subject of the connection among words and the items which words speak to. For instance, we may solicit: What is the significance of the word ‘cow’? One answer would be that it alludes to a creature who has certain properties, that recognize it from different creatures, who are called by different names. Where do these names originate from and for what reason does the word ‘cow’ mean just that specific creature and none other? A few scholars state that there is no basic association between the word ‘cow’ and the creature demonstrated by the word, however we have set up this association by show and along these lines it keeps on being so. Others would state that there are some basic characteristics of that creature which we see in our psyches and our idea of that creature is made for which we make a comparing word. As per this thought, there is a fundamental correspondence between the hints of words and their implications, e. g. , the word ‘buzz’ duplicates ‘the sound made by a bee’. It is straightforward this, yet not all that straightforward how ‘cow’ can mean’ a four-legged bovine’â€there is nothing in the sound of the word ‘cow’ to show that, (Children regularly develop words that outline the correspondence among sound and significance: they may call a dairy animals ‘moo-moo’ in light of the fact that they hear it making that sort of sound. ) The above thought that words in a language relate to or represent the genuine items on the planet is found in Plato’s exchange CratyIus. In any case, it applies just to certain words and not to other people, for instance, words that don't allude to objects, e. g. ‘love’, ‘hate’. This reality offers ascend to the view held by later masterminds, that the significance of a word isn't the item it alludes to, however the idea of the article that exists in the psyche. In addition, as de Saussure brought up, the connection between the word (signifier) and the idea (meant) is a subjective one, for example the word doesn't look like the idea. Likewise, when we attempt to characterize the importance of a word we do as such by utilizing different words. Along these lines, on the off chance that We attempt to clarify the significance of ‘table’ we have to utilize different words, for example, ‘four’, ‘legs’, and ‘wood’ and these words thusly can be clarified uniquely by methods for different words. In their book, The Meaning of Meaning, L. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards made an endeavor to characterize meaning. At the point when we utilize the word ‘mean’, we use it in various ways. ‘I intend to do this’ is a method of communicating our aim. ‘The red sign methods stop’

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Humanities - Essay Example These conditions and destitution levels introduced difficulties that required improved laws and law framework. Therefore, the authorities’ accentuated on laws, prompting amendment and consolidation of new provisions in the current laws. The equity framework keeps on affecting laws and school of considerations. Old Greek during this time was set apart with expanded philosophical and clinical examinations that prompted political, instruction and social changes (Covert 44). Notwithstanding, it is important to decide the components that prompted human progress. One needs to decide if topography and Greek are capable. It is likewise important to contrast Greek progress and Eastern human progress and decide its predominance. Greek human progress, noted as Ancient Greece is a period extending from eighth century B.C to 600AD. It succeeds the Dark Ages of Greek that was a period set apart with conventional thoughts and confused practices. The Greek human progress succeeds beginning in a period called old period and finishes with end of days of yore period. The start of the human progress includes the impact of five societies that helped shape Greece to its to a great extent embraced culture. These societies incorporate Egyptian, Assyrian, Syro-Hittite and Phoenicians (Solway 3) During the beginning of the development time frame, a few changes started happening that made the period stand apart from past minor human advancements. Instituting of the Greek letters in order from Phoenician contents is one of the primary changes. This happened in the ancient time frame prompting development of composed records. Water bodies describe the topographical structure of Greek. Moreover, precipitous structures separate all neighboring network states. The coin rose during this period that tested the overseeing noble systems on the grounds that the recently discovered exchanging strategies prompted the ascent of a commercial gathering that wound up wanting political force. This denotes the time of cultural administration change to vote based system (Solway 23). The populace developed in this period causing deficiency of land and an extending hole between poor people and rich. During this contention, a social change happened when Spartans guys needed to join the military whether one is a tip top, rich or humble foundation. This is a period damaged with common wars. For instance, Athens experienced land issues and rural second thoughts that prompted common war. Law turned into the main arrangement in countering the contentions. Introductory endeavor at settling the contention flopped yet later prevailing after Solon changes effectively settled capacity to the nobility and improved the predicament of poor people. This portrays the improvement of social structures, specialists and their day of work with the evolving financial, political, and instructive viewpoints (Covert 3). Expanded populace development prompted relocation and settlement into different zone s that later would be all in all alluded to as Greece. The movements extended the social practices and etymological styles of the Ancient Greek. This further encouraged economy development and reception of the coin inside the first states and abroad to the recently vanquished provinces. Upgrades got clear in the people’s ways of life (Solway 34) The topographical standpoint of the Greece domain was hilly with various valleys and fields. Therefore, various little networks lived independently, each with its own language, social practices and character. This brought about a bigger network with different practices.

Symptoms of Eating Disorders

Symptoms of Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Symptoms of Eating Disorders By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 02, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on March 26, 2018 Quiet Noise Creative/DigitalVision/Getty More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Most people have struggled with how they look at one time or another, and it is common for people to talk about dieting and exercise. Eating disorders cross a line into dangerous territory as they arent simply an attempt to lose five pounds or tone up at the gym. They are serious, and it is important to recognize the symptoms in order to support sufferers getting the help that they need.?? Signs of Someone Who May Have an Eating Disorder   Do you believe that someone you love might have an eating disorder? Have you been struggling with thoughts about your own weight and/or food? See below for an overview of symptoms that might indicate an eating disorder.?? 1. Recent Weight ChangesPeople with eating disorders are often underweight but may be overweight as well. Rapid and significant weight changes can be a warning sign. It is important to remember that some people with eating disorders are also of normal weight. 2. Fear of Weight Gain/Body Image ProblemsPeople with eating disorders may have an intense fear of gaining weight, even when actually underweight. They may also truly believe that they are overweight when they are not. Problems with body image can prevent sufferers from participating in activities they would normally enjoy. 3. Secretive BehaviorsGuilt and shame can cause a person to eat in secret or hide large amounts of food. Loved ones may notice the person leaving the table immediately after meals or find hidden stashes of food. Sometimes people with eating disorders will also attempt to hide weight changes by wearing large and baggy clothing. 4. Low Self-EsteemA persons self-image or self-esteem may be dependent on outward appearance, including body shape and weight. They may also be overly critical of themselves in other areas as well. 5. Making Oneself SickSelf-induced vomiting or other forms of purging after meals or after binging is a sign of an eating disorder. Loved ones may notice that the person always goes to the bathroom after meals or may find evidence of excessive laxative/diuretic use, such as the packaging of pills. 6. Excessive ExerciseWhile exercise can be a wonderful thing, sometimes people with eating disorders become so obsessed with exercise that it becomes a problem in their life. Examples of this would be an insistence upon exercising at times when it is inappropriate, such as going for a run in inclement weather, or not being able to participate in regular activities because the person must exercise. 7. Preoccupation With FoodThoughts about food and nutrition can take up most of a persons thoughts and time when they have an eating disorder. These thoughts may include counting calories or fat grams, or dividing types of food into good and bad categories. Some sufferers may exhibit a complete refusal to eat, while others may eat much more than the average person in one sitting. 8. Health ProblemsEating disorders cause many different health problems among sufferers. These may include but are not limited to, hair loss, bruising, amenorrhea (in women, their period may stop), electrolyte imbalances, osteoporosis, low blood pressure, dehydration, esophageal tears, and cardiac problems. Eventually, physical problems related to eating disorders can lead to death.?? If you, or anyone you know, are experiencing such symptoms, it is important to be evaluated by a medical doctor. If you begin noticing these symptoms in someone you know, it is important to talk with them to express your concerns and encourage them to seek help from a professional, such as a therapist, dietician or physician. Set aside time to talk about it, communicate your support, and avoid placing blame or shaming the person. Symptoms of Eating Disorders

Has the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Been Successful

In every school in the United States has students that fall behind in classes or don’t get proper education for them to be taught effectively. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was created to push students of all grade levels to keep up in their classes, homework and grades so they could become an idol citizen to society. Even though this act is supposed to keep students on the same page as others, research shows that isn’t the case; that students Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) test scores are going down. The United States’ push of reaching state standards for public school systems has brought to attention that if these standards are not reached, teachers and school faculty will take the infliction. â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 wasn’t signed into law by President Bush until Jan. 8, 2002, was reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the central federal law in pre-collegiate education† (No Child 1). Since 196 5, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was established and made the ‘Title I’ programs in schools to aid students who needed extra help on a day to day basis. When the act needed to be reauthorized for 2001, they changed the name of the act to â€Å"No Child Left Behind† or NCLB (No Child 1-2). Annual testing shows the federal governments if every student in every public school nation wide are meeting their state’s standards in mathematics and reading. During 2008-2009, NCLB required science testing due to the sudden spike ofShow MoreRelated Parental Involvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesInvolvement Benefits Elementary School Childrens Parental involvement has many positive effects on both child and parent. 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Because teacher and student accountability is based on these tests, it is important that they measure what they are supposed to measure. Tests should be carefully built and implemented for specific purposes. The board of education should not consider the results of only one test to determine whether or not a student has achieved mastery of the standards. Tests also should be

The Effects Of Interpersonal Trauma And Disruption Of...

Developmental Trauma or Developmental Psychopathology researched by Maughan Cicchetti (2002) report on the consequences of interpersonal trauma and disruption of caregiving systems on the development of affect regulation, attention, cognition, perception, and interpersonal relationships. Åžar (2014: 171-179) states that research into patients with dissociatve disorders report the highest prevalance of childhood abuse and/or neglect of all mental health disorders and asserts that dissociation can result from deep-rooted developmental stress. This project will concentrate on the links in developmental trauma with the forming of dissociative traits and discuss whether dissociation is essentially related to the developing self. An in depth look at what is developmental trauma and the aetiology of dissociation will be covered. Using clinical examples, the implications for clinical practice in child psychotherapy will be considered. There is not scope here to look at each dissociati ve phenomena in great depth so this project will concentrate on dissociation as a whole. Developmental Trauma, the Key Aspects Trauma or traumata as described in Rycroft (1995) ‘are experiences which disrupt or pervert development.’ They define it as ‘any unexpected experience which the subject is unable to assimilate.’ Developmental, or as it is sometimes called, complex trauma, is concerned with a child’s prolonged exposure to traumatic events such as, neglect, abuse, abandonment, violence andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Children2825 Words   |  12 Pagestraumatic experience that can have many unfortunate consequences on a child’s development and successful long-term functioning. The initial effects of abuse commonly reported by children include feelings of fear, shame, anger, rejection, hopelessness, and a perceived sense of worthlessness. However, many of these initial effects only increase over time and continue plaguing victims into adulthood. Adults experiencing long term effects of childhood sexual abuse report high frequencies o f anxiety attacks,Read MoreAdolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma4747 Words   |  19 PagesAdolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma Raquel A. Figueroa Liberty University COUN 620-B02 Abstract In a generation of hopelessness, adolescents seek a purpose for their existence. They seek refugee from violence, abuse and maltreatment. The overwhelming pressure opens the door for instant gratification in drugs, alcohol, sexual activity, and fail to make appropriate adjustments in compromising circumstances. There is a correlation between traumatic experiences and adolescentRead MoreAttachment Theory, Biological Influences5410 Words   |  22 PagesThe issue of attachment is one that influences an individual throughout their life, affecting many aspects of their development. It is first formed during infancy between the child and their primary care giver and is maintained over the course of their lifespan. The level of attachment that is formed during infancy creates a foundation for psychological development in the course of the individual’s life (Santrock, 2013). Attachment security can be an indication of the quality of an individual’s future

Heineken in Cambodia Free Essays

Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Sanne van der Wal Rob Bleijerveld April 2009 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Sanne van der Wal Rob Bleijerveld Amsterdam, April 2009 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Colophon Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 April 2009 By: Sanne van der Wal Rob Bleijerveld Cover Design: Annelies Vlasblom Funding This publication is made possible with co-funding from the Vereniging van Beleggers voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling (VBDO) Published by Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations Sarphatistraat 30 1018 GL Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone: + 31 (20) 6391291 E-mail: info@somo. nl Website: Hwww. somo. We will write a custom essay sample on Heineken in Cambodia or any similar topic only for you Order Now nl This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivateWorks 2. 5 License. 1 Introduction This company report has been prepared by SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations). It provides an overview of business practices that could be regarded as unsustainable or irresponsible which occurred (or might have been addressed) in 2008. The overview below describes only controversial practices and not the positive achievements of a company in the same year. Information on positive achievements can usually be found in a company’s annual and/or sustainability report and on the company’s website. The purpose of this report is to provide additional information to shareholders and other stakeholders of a company on controversies that might or might not be detected and reported by the company itself. This report does not contain an analysis of a company’s corporate responsibility policies, operational aspects of corporate responsibility management, implementation systems, reporting and transparency, or total performance on any issue. For some controversies, it is indicated which standards or policies may have been violated and a brief analysis is presented. Apart from this, the report is mainly descriptive. The range of sustainability and corporate responsibility issues eligible for inclusion in this overview is relatively broad and mainly based on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. These Guidelines are used as a general frame of reference in addition to the company-specific standards. Sources of information are mentioned in footnotes throughout the report. The main sources were obtained through SOMO’s global network of civil society organisations, including reports, other documents, and unpublished information. Media and company information databases and information available via the Internet are used as secondary sources where necessary. Heineken has been informed about the research project in advance and was given two weeks to review the report and provide corrections of any factual errors in the draft version. The overview of controversial practices in this report is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, it focuses on a limited number of issues and cases that might merit further attention or reflection. Where information about the latest developments, either positive or negative, was unavailable, it is possible that situations described in the overview have recently changed. Taking into account these limitations, SOMO believes that the report can be used for improvement and for a more informed assessment of a company’s corporate responsibility performance. For more information, please contact SOMO: SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations) Sarphatistraat 30, 1018 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel. 31 (0)20 6391291 Fax +31 (0)20 6391391 e-mail: info@somo. nl website: www. somo. nl 2 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Precarious working conditions of Heineken Beer sellers in Cambodia This short overview deals with only one issue: the continuing bad labour and health conditions of socalled ‘beer sellers’ in Cambodia, salaried women who wear distinctive Heineken uniforms while exclusively selling Heineken beer in bars and res taurants, alongside those working for its partly owned partner brands (e. . , Tiger, ABC, etc†¦), and for competitors. The work conditions of these women, who are hired by most of the international brewers and their distributors operating in Cambodia 1 , have been criticised for several years, by the Cambodian NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation ) Siem Reap Citizens for Health, Educational and Social Issues (SiRCHESI) 2 . In 2002 the CEO and the Boards of both Heineken Breweries Ltd and Heineken Holding N. V. from here: Heineken) were first notified by SiRCHESI of concerns about the health and welfare of their beer sellers, who continued, in 2008, to be at high risk for HIV/AIDS and alcohol- related health problems, who experience sexual harassment and violence at their workplaces, and who are not paid a ‘living wage’- a salary for a full-time job on which they can support themselves and their family dependents. Press reports going back to 1998, and particularly a story in the Wall Street Journal (2000) had already clearly described the problems before social scientists began systematic d ata collection. Also SOMO’s overview of controversial business practices of Heineken during 2006 for VBDO of April 2007 has called attention to this critical issue. 4 Recent inquiries and research in Cambodia –as part of a longitudinal study (2004-2009) 5 – reconfirm that these bad labour and health conditions still exist. Heineken – and other brands, with whom they both compete and co-operate – have not made significant progress in 2007, nor in 2008 to reduce the high risks to the health and safety of the women beer-sellers in Cambodia nor meet their monthly financial needs. So far, industry efforts to resolve these issues – through the formation in late 2006 of â€Å"Beer Selling Industry Cambodia† as a professional brewers association with a code of conduct (COC) for beer sellers – have failed. 1 2 3 4 5 See e. g. â€Å"Heineken en promotiemeisjes in Cambodja – deel A,† R. Feilzer and F. P. van der Putten (p. 85-96) and F. P. van der Putten, â€Å" – deel B† (p. 109-13), in: Bedrijfsgevallen, Eds. W Dubbink and H. van Luijk (Assen: Van Gorcum, 2006). SiRCHESI website, . and ,, and . SiRCHESI’s website http://www. fairtradebeer. com press reports section. Heineken – Overview of controversial business practices in 2006,† Francis Weyzig (SOMO), April 2007 Performed by Staff, volunteers ,researchers and students located in Siem Reap with SiRCHESI, or at Siem Reap Provincial AIDS Office, of University of Guelph (CA), National Center in HIV Social Research (University of New South Wales, AU ), Macquarie University (Sydney, AU), University of Melbourne (AU), Australia Volunteers International, Duke University (North Carolina, US), Oxford University (Oxford, UK), University of Technology Sydney (AU), as welll as University of Maastricht, NL, National University of Singapore, and Staffordshire University (UK). Data and analyses were provided through Ian Lubek, international advisor to SiRCHESI. The SIRCHESI interviews with beer sellers were conducted either in the workplaces or during health workshops. 213 interviews were conducted from 2004-6, and 324 from 2007-9. 22 beer sellers worked for Heineken and partner brands, 57 worked for Carlsberg brands such as Angkor; 56 sold AB-INBEV brands, 1 sold a SAB-Miller brand, and the remaining 201 sold other brands including Dutch brands Bavaria, Hollandia, as well as Corona, San Miguel, Singha, Oettinger, Asahi, etc. 3 Below, some controversial aspects of the situation in 2008, revealed by SiRCHESI, are described. More background data can be found on the SiRCHESI website dedicated to this issue www. ethicalbeer. com. On the same website more new details on the longitudinal study, including data for 2008-9, are published by SiRCHESI 6 as well. Low income and transparency As in 2006, SiRCHESI research 7 confirms that Heineken is not paying a â€Å" living wage† in 2008. If Heineken and its Asia Pacific Breweries partner brands (Tiger, ABC, Anchor, Cheers,etc. paid their beer sellers the current industry standard (2008) of just over 8 US dollar per beer case as commission, they would earn – based on SiRCHESI’s observations of sales of more than 3 cases per night – about 700 US dollars per month which amounts to about 10 times the current fixed salary. BSIC brand sellers are consistently paid less each month than non-BSIC brands yet increasingly sell manifold more beer each year 8 . In fact workers get less than 2. 5 percent of the sale, and face severe nightly workplace health and safety risks. Part of this profitability for Heineken is based on the sellers’ own nightly consumption of about 6 percent of sales, which adds harm and risk to their working situation. For a number of years, Heineken officials reported paying bonuses to the beer servers, yet SiRCHESI interviews showed that from 2002 onwards these were not being received by the beer sellers. In fact in 2008 they reported receiving monthly earnings of 71 US dollars which is considerably lower than the 84 US dollars reported by non-BSIC sellers and the 85 US dollars Heineken headquarters reports paying 9 . SiRCHESI estimates that 71 US dollar monthly is still less than half of what would be enough to provide for them and their family dependents. This situation of underpayment –first reported to Heineken executives in 2002 and unchanged ever since- puts terrible pressures on the women to support their families and to make ends meet, compelling some to sell unsafe sex to customers in desperation to supplement insufficient income. In general it is difficult for Heineken beer sellers to know to what benefits and bonuses they are entitled because Heineken is failing to provide beer sellers copies of their work contracts specifying working conditions, benefits such as severance pay and maternity leave, and exact earnings– all, transparently. In 2008, no beer seller could show SiRCHESI a copy of their signed contract. Several Heineken beer sellers said they did have signed contracts but that these contracts had gone to the distributors’ Head Quarters in Cambodia. In 2008 SiRCHESI asked the distributor and BSIC for copies of these contracts they but were told they were â€Å"proprietary† and could not be disseminated. 6 7 8 9 See for example: â€Å"Ab-Inbev, Carlsberg, Heineken and other international brewers are yet again in 2008-9 behaving badly to women beer sellers in Cambodia†, SiRECHESI, April 2009, http://www. ethicalbeer. com/read/April2009-INFO. df AND â€Å"Professor criticizes international beer companies for not being proactive enough in Cambodia (2008-9) to protect their women beer sellers from hazardous, harmful, and potentially mortal workplace health and safety risks: Citing recent research, he urges company executives, brand consumers and shareholders to implement immediate changes. †, SiRCHESI, April 2009, http://www. ethicalbeer. com/read/APRIL2009Press-info. pdf This overview builds on SiRCHESI published (see footnote directly above) and unpublished information provided/communicated directly to SOMO by As Tiger Beer seller Sophea wrote to management at Cambodian Breweries Ltd. asking for a salary increase to 100 US dollars monthly: â€Å"Our claim is absolutely justified. The quantity of our sales increased, and the price of beer increased too†¦. Now it {Tiger Beer} is sold for 2. 90 US dollars. â€Å" (Cambodge Soir, 18-25 June, 2008). â€Å"Biermeisjes bezorgen Heineken hoofdpijn,† Financiel e Telegraaf (p. 27) 10 mei 2008 4 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Workplace health and safety issues Heineken’s HIV/AIDS policy of 2002 has promised coverage to all its workers world-wide 10 . However the company and partner brands are still not providing free HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) for their HIV positive beer sellers as they do for their personnel in Africa. What compounds the situation is that most beer-sellers are currently excluded from Government ARVT (anti-retroviral therapy) programs due to Cambodia and the Global Fund’s inability to implement access in 2008-9 for all persons living with HIV. Simple factors such as lack of daily transportation to a distribution site mean that many beer-sellers cannot receive ARVT. In Africa Heineken has solved this problem through workplace distribution of HAART. Heineken is also not providing enough effective workplace health and safety education about HIV/AIDS, reproductive health and alcohol risks before employment begins. Although Heineken proactively developed the Selling Beer Safely (SBS) Program in 2003 it has not been offered to every employee; moreover, the number of beneficiaries of SBS is declining markedly. Of 224 Heineken family sellers in the SiRCHESI research sample of 2004 to 2009, 31. 2 percent had received no health training at the time of the interview. It should be mentioned that this is better than the industry average of 43. 3 percent that received no health and safety training about being a beer seller. In 2004, 22 percent of Heineken or Tiger beer sellers had received SBS training. However in 2008 this share had declined to 4. 7 percent. However, when SiRCHESI asked whether they had received either the SBS or any other in-house training program 11 , BSIC beer sellers did modestly better: 27. 8 percent reported in-house training, while only 8. 3 percent non-BSIC sellers reported in-house training. But the most serious criticism is the procrastination in supplying this education. Of 224 Heineken family beer sellers interviewed, 16 (7. 1 percent) received training before they started, and a further 6 (2. 7 percent) received it on the first day. 80/224 or 35. 7 percent had received it in the next 6 months, while the remainder had training in the next 18 months or not at all (122 or 54. 5 percent). Hence only 9. 8 percent had been given some early-warning training – before or on the first day of work- about the risks and harm possible for beer-sellers themselves, damage to the fetus during pregnancy, or contraction of HIV/AIDS or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Although the BSIC COC which Heineken claims to uphold explicitly forbids workplace drinking of alcohol, SiRCHESI found that only 6% of Heineken (7. 6% of BSIC brands) beer sellers were in fact abstaining in 2008. For those who continue to drink, the mean alcohol consumed nightly by BSIC sellers in 2008 was 1. 48 litres nightly or 6 standard drinks (N=103), while 1. 53 litres (7 standard drinks) were consumed nightly by Heineken beer family servers (N=89). All of these levels are well above levels of national guidelines for responsible drinking as set for women by 23 countries surveyed by the International Center For Alcohol Policies (ICAP) 12 including the Netherlands. This means that these women have an increased risk for physical (raised blood pressure, stroke, and liver cirrhosis), mental, and social problems associated with alcohol abuse. While (excessive) workplace drinking continues to be a critical issue in Cambodia it has been observed by SiRCHESI to no longer exist in nearby Singapore. 10 11 12 â€Å"Heineken’s HIV/AIDS Policy – contribution of a private company,† HEINEKEN COR P. COMMUNICATION ~ 02 92857455 NO. 023, by Heineken International, 18 April 2002 (at http://fairtradebeer. com/reportfiles/heinekenaidspolicy2002. pdf) SiRCHESI: â€Å"other in house-training† are mostly shorter than the 3 day SBS training some just get 1-2 hours – the â€Å"refresher courses† International Center For Alcohol Policies (ICAP) in International Drinking Guidelines Reports 14 How to cite Heineken in Cambodia, Papers

The Synthesis of Zinc Iodide (ZnI2) an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

The Synthesis of Zinc Iodide (ZnI2) Zinc iodide, ZnI2, is a while (hydrated) or yellow (dry), granular, odorless, hygroscopic (absorbs water in the atmosphere) solid compound that is soluble in water (1g:0.3 mL water). It turns to brown when exposed to heat or sunlight, showing decomposition with release of iodine gas (DeMeo, 1995, p. 836). It is extensively used in the laboratory to illustrate the Law of Definite Proportions and Law of Conservation of Mass, two of which are the foundations of chemical reactions and basis of stoichiometry. Need essay sample on "The Synthesis of Zinc Iodide (ZnI2)" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: I need to write a 500 word government and law essays. But I don't have the time EssayLab writers recommend: Buy An Essay Which Will Lead You To Your Academic Success Custom Papers OnlinePaying For PapersCoursework Writing Service A balanced chemical equation best describes how many atoms, molecules, or charged species come in contact to produce certain product, but does not illustrate the mechanism of the reactions. Reactant are driven by e.g. exposure to heat, air, or by just mixing them up, etc. to proceed reaction. The amount of product formed is based on the quantity of the reactants and how well the reaction was taken out. One of the reactants can be the limiting reactant, which is consumed in the course of the reaction, and the other one is the excess. Reactants are of known initial quantity and measured for the change in amount after a successful reaction has been performed. The masses of the reacted species are relative amounts required for complete reaction met. The chemical or physical properties of the reactants should no longer be observed in the product, which can be further verified by physical, chemical and electrochemical tests. 0.5g sample of iodine (I2), 2mL H2O and four drops of CH3COOH were mixed in a large, clean test tube. H2O was added for the immediate addition of the same mass of the Zn metal, whereas CH3COOH (a weak acid) was used to prevent the formation of Zn(OH)2. ZnI2 reacts with H2O via a double displacement reaction mechanism (Demeo, 2003, p.797): ZnI2(aq) + 2H20(l) -> Zn(OH)2(s) + 2H3O+(aq)+ 2I-(aq) Careful weighing of the reactants was done to avoid errors. The mass of the Zn weighed before the reaction was above 0.5g, which is 0.510g. Observed in the reaction mixture upon agitation was the gradual loss of color of iodine (reddish-brown) as the reaction progressed. Since the Zn metal was used as the excess reagent, iodine was expected to be totally used up in the reaction. To obtain the un-reacted Zn metal, a gravity filtration was performed. Quantitative transfer was employed by washing with very minimal amount of water to facilitate faster evaporation as the dry, un-reacted Zn was weighed in a watch glass later on in the procedure. It was noted that all the washings should also be quantitatively obtained since there were dissolved Zn species in it. The amount of Zn left was measured to be 0.348 g, giving the amount of Zn consumed to be 0.162g. On the other hand, the amount of I2 consumed was 0.503g. These values were used in the determination of mole equivalents and the mole ratio as shown in the computations in the results portion. ZnI2 was recovered through medium heat evaporation which prevented losses due to splattering as excessive heat is applied. Cooling down the weighing vessels was first done to avoid also the lowering of the mass to be measured as the air below the weighing vessel may push it upwards because heat can push the air up. The moles of Zn and I2 were used in the computation of the theoretical yield. The percent yields from Zn and I2 were found to be 39.8% and 47.2% respectively. A positive error that was also avoided was the entrapment of water during evaporation. It might seem confusing but as crystallization happens during the evaporation, water may be trapped underneath the bulk of the ZnI2 crystals. It was also confirmed that dehydration has properly taken place by heating back the crystals and checking if the weight has lowered. Although the crystals may look dry, water of hydration may still be present, making the species be called hydrates (salts with water molecules in their crystalline structure). A chemical equation that can be proposed based on the experimental results would be: Zn(s) + I2(s) - Znl2(s) Since both used approximately 0.002 moles each, which would give a ratio of 1:1, thus we can write the balanced equation as such. An error that cannot be avoided in the experiment was the absence of the previous knowledge on the quality of reactants that may affect its reactivity. Factor such as contamination may lead to the wrong computation of the theoretical yield. Also, while weighing the I2 crystals, a negative error might occur because the I2 crystals sublime, making the amount of the limiting reactant less than what was weighed, since the some of the crystals have already been converted to gas. References DeMeo, S. (1995). Synthesis and Decomposition of Zinc Iodide: Model Reactions for Investigating Chemical Change in the Introductory Laboratory. J. Chem Educ., 72(9), 836. Demeo, S. (2003). Synthesis and Decomposition of Zinc Iodide Revisited. J. Chem Educ., 80(7), 796.